Euphorbia - references

Please note

Because this is practical lexicography, not academic lexicography. The references are given in one block. A number of readers have criticised this work in the past for not providing references for each name. We did so in the original version of the Euphorbia file, now in archives. We have tried hard to keep up with the new updated version, but it has proven to us that it is definitely taking far too much time, something that we are very short of. The original referenced names remain, and some new ones have been added when it was necessary, but it has not been systematic. The references for the old version have mostly broken links, this is inevitable after so many years. Those of the new version have all active links in early 2025.

We hope that the list below will satisfy most readers. 

References for older compilation (archived) : 

[1]   USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].  National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.  URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl (14 May 2012).

[2]   Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. < http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:0::NO::: >.

[3]    FRLHT ENVIS, 2012, Encyclopedia on Indian Medicinal Plants Nomenclature Database. ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT) & Environmental Information System (ENVIS). Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India.  < http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php >.

[4]    efloraofindia, 2012, Group discussions & efloraofindia website. Discussion string : <https://groups.google.com/d/msg/indiantreepix/5ZoybdeGEok/trQUWYw4vaUJ >.  Homepage : < https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/ >. Includes a database of Indian plants (native and introduced) with photos and plant names in various Indian languages.

[5]   F.O.C. 2012, eFlora of China. < http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx >.

[6]   F.O.T. 2012, Digital Flora of Taiwan. < http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=100 >.

[7]   F.O.P. 2012, Flora of Pakistan. < http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan >.

[8]    Jover, M. 2007 - El poblament vegetal del massís del Montgrí, les illes Medes i I'antic estany de Sobrestany. Treball de recerca desenvolupat dins del programa de doctorat de Medi Ambient (IMA-UdG). Girona. HGI: Herbari de la Universitat de Girona. < http://www.floracatalana.net/llistes/flora-del-montgri >.

[9]    "SOPHY" , 2006 - 2012,  Banque de données Botaniques et Ecologiques. Association d'Informatique Appliquée à la Botanique (A.I.A.B.). Authors Patrice de RUFFRAY, Henry BRISSE, Gilles GRANDJOUAN et al. Site by Emmanuel GARBOLINO. < http://sophy.u-3mrs.fr/photohtm/FI351.HTM >.

[10]   Cappers R.T.J., Bekker R. Neef & Bekker R.M. , 2009 , Digital Atlas of Economic Plants. Part of the Digital Plant Atlas - a joint project of the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA), the Community and Conservation Ecology Group (COCON), both of the University of Groningen (the Netherlands), and the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI, Berlin, Germany). Published by Barkhuis in the Groningen Archaeological Studiesseries.

[11]   Google Translate < http://translate.google.com/#nl|en| >. Great tool for sound and transcriptions in some languages, less exciting for translations.

[12]   Википедия 2012, Молоча́й. (Euphorbia L. Russian Wikipedia).  < http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9 >.

[13]    Liber Herbarum II < http://www.liberherbarum.com/pn0570.HTM >.

[14]  Wikipedia Commons < http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_amygdaloides) >, < http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_cyparissias >.

[15]  Družine male flore razvrščene po slovenskem imenu (Families of young Slovenian flora sorted by name). < http://smara.si/seznami/druzine_slo/mleckovke_Dr081.html >.

[16]  Pietro Puccio 2012, in MAZZA Giuseppe (Dr.), Plants. < http://www.photomazza.com/?-Search-&lang= >.

[17]   Kew R.B.G., 2012, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (aka The Plant List), Euphorbia L. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. <  http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=82490 >, < http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Euphorbia&page=quickSearch >.

[18]   “Wikilengua: Plantae Mundi”, 2012, desde < http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Wikilengua:Plantae_Mundi >.

[19]  Deepak Acharya (Dr.), 2009, Abhumka-Patalkot-Herb Database.  Abhumka Herbal Pvt. Ltd.  < http://www.patalkot.com/Herb%20Database/ >.  Names in botanical Latin, and romanised Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu.

[20]    Bio-Diversity India. India Biodiversity Portal (IBP). < http://indiabiodiversity.org/ >.

[21]      Flora Iberica. <  http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/PHP/generos_lista.php >. < http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/PHP/cientificos_.php?gen=Euphorbia >.

[22]     Danskt-svenskt lexikon för växtnamn (ca 5000 arter). < http://www.dansk-og-svensk.dk/danskt_lexikon2/Vaxtarter/Vaxtarter_Latinskt_index_D-H.htm>.

[23]   IATE , 2004 - 2012, InterActive Terminology for Europe. Version 1.4.6. EU inter-institutional terminology database, administered by the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union in Luxembourg on behalf of the project partners. < http://iate.europa.eu/iatediff/SearchByQueryLoad.do?method=load >.

[24]      THOZHILNUTPAM.com, 2010,  அகம் தொழில்நுட்பம் இணைய தகவல்தளம். தமிழ் மூலிகை அருஞ்சொற்பொருள்.
புதுப்பிப்பு வெள்ளிக்கிழமை, 23ஆடவை-மடங்கல், 2010.  (Agricultural library, Online database, Tamil Herb Glossary - Updated Friday, 23 Jul. - Sept. 2010).  < http://tamildictionary.50webs.com/herbs/ >.

[25]      Kumar Ganesh (Dr.), 2004 - 2012, Sanskrit - Kannada - Botanical Latin names, Botany Section. Ayurvediccommunity.com, Trayee Foundation, Bangalore. < http://ayurvediccommunity.com/ >.

[26]   uBio , 2009, Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. The Marine Biological Laboratory. The uBio Taxonomic Name Server acts as a name Thesaurus, Namebank and ClassificationBank . < http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=2667055 >, < http://www.ubio.org/ >.

[27]   Kerala Promoter, 2007, Malayalam (romanised) Name of (medicinal) Herbs. < http://www.keralapromoter.com/keralaayurveda/kerala-herb-a.html >.

[28]  MyLanguages.org, 2010, Transliterator Roman -> Malayalam. < http://mylanguages.org/malayalam_transliteration.php >.

[29M]   Wikipedia - Malayalam  < This URL is too long to display- click here. >.

[29H]   Wikipedia - Hindi  < This URL is too long to display- click here. >.

[30]   xobdo.org , 2006 - 2010, Assamese - English Dictionary. < http://www.xobdo.net/dic/index.php>. Excellent work provided by volunteers.

[31]  Flowers of India, 2010, < http://www.flowersofindia.net/botanical.html >. Many photos and Indian names by many authors.

[32]  Google Translate < http://translate.google.com/#nl|en| >. Great tool for sound and transcriptions in some languages, less exciting for translations.

[33]  Cappers R.T.J., Bekker R. Neef & Bekker R.M. , 2009 , Digital Atlas of Economic Plants. Part of the Digital Plant Atlas - a joint project of the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA), the Community and Conservation Ecology Group (COCON), both of the University of Groningen (the Netherlands), and the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI, Berlin, Germany). Published by Barkhuis in the Groningen Archaeological Studiesseries.

[34]  Lexilogos 2012, Online Multilingual keyboard. Sinhala.  < http://www.lexilogos.com/clavier/sinhala.htm >. Excellent when converting a "gif word" into a scripted name.

[35]  Jacob Thomas Pandalayil (Dr.), 2012, Flora of Saudi Arabia,   الأسماء العربية / الأسماء المحلية من النباتات في المملكة العربية السعودية   Arabic Names of species. Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh.  <http://plantdiversityofsaudiarabia.info/Biodiversity-Saudi-Arabia/Flora/Checklist/Arabic%20Names.Local%20Names.flora%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm >.

[36]  Wikipedia - ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ - Oriya. This URL is too long to display- click here  ,   This URL is too long to display- click here  , Oriya alphabet. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_alphabet >.

[37]  Names of Plants in India. < https://sites.google.com/site/indiannamesofplants/home >.

[38] Katzer Gernot, 2012, The Spice Pages - Indian Scripts Index for Herbs and Spices. < http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/spice_indic.html >.
[39]  Praharaj G. C., 1932 - 1950, Date, Yasavanta Ramakrshna. Maharashtra sabdakosa. Pune: Maharashtra Kosamandala. Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha. Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. < http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.32:23.praharaj >.

[40]  Webdunia.com, 2009, Webdunia Utilities, Transliterators for Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil & Telugu. < http://utilities.webdunia.com/hindi/transliteration.html >.

[Siv]   A. Sivapalan (Personal communication).

[Vij]  Vijayasankar Raman (Personal communication).

[VS]  Multiple sources.

[MHP]  Porcher Michel H., 1995 - 2020, Multiscript Multilingual Plant Name Database. MMPND. The sources of these names would be too numerous to list. They generally have been suggested to us or we have found them in some publication (not always trustworthy or accurate in every way. It is very likely that we have cross-referenced every one of those names. The likelyhood of any remaining inaccurate is small but real.

PROTA, 2013, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, now integrated into PROTA4U (interactive webdatabase). < no longer accessible >.

For updates (2024 - 2025) : 

[41] Davida Pok. E. hirta < https://www.flickr.com/photos/47415530@N02/4369258833 >. Multilingual

[42] EPPO < https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/EPHHI >. Multilingual

[43] IDAO Multimedia Approach to Computer Aided Identification

< https://idao.cirad.fr >. Multilingual

[44] Plantarium Russia < https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en/page/view/item/54769.html > and 

< https://www.plantarium.ru/lang/en/page/view/item/54769.html >. Russian 

[45] Vietnam Plant Data Center < https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Euphorbia%20hirta&list=species&lg=en >. Vietnamese

[46] La Vie Re-Belle | 2018 · 2024. < https://lavierebelle.org/euphorbia-hirta-une-plante?lang=fr >. Multilingual

[47] Know your Weeds. 

<  https://www.knowyourweeds.com/en/weeds/Euphorbia_hirta/common-names >. Multilingual

[48] Philippines Medicinal Plants. < http://www.stuartxchange.org/Sampagita >. Multilingual.

[49] Thai - English Dictionary. < https://www.thai2english.com >. Thai scripted and romanised.

[50] EPPO < https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/EPHQL >. Multilingual

[51] Indian Medicinal Plant Database 

< https://www.medicinalplants.in/searchpage/showdetails/xplant_id/419869698262358336114a996f3862a6>.

[52] आचार्य श्री बालकृष्ण Acharya Shri Balkrishna. Euphorbia Hirta. 2018. 

 < https://www.1mg.com/hi/patanjali/dugdhika-badi-benefits-in-hindi/ >.

[53] LTR Farm. E. heterophylla . < https://www.flickr.com/photos/56047685@N02/25386574439/ >. Multilingual, Khmer in particular.

[54] GKZ植物事典 < https://gkzplant.sakura.ne.jp/souhon2/shousai2/sa-gyou/si/shoujousoumodoki/shoujousoumodoki.html >. Multilingual

[55] Dicionário Terminológico Bilingue - Plantas.

< https://www.esalq.usp.br/d-plant/taxonomy/term/1797 >.

[56] EPPO < https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/EPHHL > Multilingual.

[57] MNHN & OFB [Ed]. 2003-2024. Fiche de Euphorbia cyathophora Murray, 1786. Inventaire national du patrimoine naturel (INPN). Site web : https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/445627 - Le 25 décembre 2024. French

[58] Agrozoo. Thesaurus. < http://agrozoo.net/jsp/Thesaurus.jsp?p2=6701d37ab23311df864f001cc081f832&l2=en >.

[59] EPPO < https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/EPHMY >. Multilingual

[60] r2u.org

< https://r2u.org.ua/s?w=Euphorbia&scope=all&dicts=14 >.

[61] < https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/EPHAM >. Multilingual

[62] Bizim Bitkiler. Guner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babac, MT, (edlr.), (2012). List of Turkish Plants (Vascular Plants). Nezahat Gokyigit Botanical Garden and Flora Research Association Publication. Istanbul.

 < https://bizimbitkiler.org.tr/v2/hiyerarsi.php?c=Euphorbia >.

105 Turkish names of Euphorbia among 12 000 odd species.

[63] EPPO < https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/EPHSE >. Multilingual.

[64] SANBI. Red List of South African plants version 2024.

< https://pza.sanbi.org/plants/search/advanced?pow_page=genus&name=Euphorbia >.

23 unusual African Euphorbia. Afrikaans & other African languages

[65] Dinesh Valke. Chamaesyce thymifolia.

< https://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/2696436656 >. For all known Indian names.

[66] Davida Pok. E. thymifolia.

< https://www.flickr.com/photos/47415530@N02/4533212164 >. Khmer names especially but not just.

[67] LLIFLE The encyclopedias of living forms.

< http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/SUCCULENTS/Family/Euphorbiaceae/Euphorbia/ >.

280 species of Euphorbia illustrated.

[68] Dicionário Terminológico Bilingue - Plantas.

< https://www.esalq.usp.br/d-plant/ >. Portuguese

[69] South African Herbs Used for Cancer Therapy in Rural Areas.

Pakiso Moses Makhoahle. 2022.

< https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/85161 >.

Rich in African vocabulary.

[70] e-Flora of Thailand. < https://www.worldfloraonline.org/organisation/e-Flora%20of%20Thailand >. Most plant names in Thai script with a simple romanisation system, this is complemented with [49].

[71] Lebanon Flora. < http://lebanon-flora.org/species.php?id_pl=1648 >.

[72] < http://www2.tky.3web.ne.jp/~hidamari/genus021.html >. 

Many species names in Japanese but font needs working out to enable reading.

[73]  Anonymous blogger, 2012, Learn Oriya Online. < http://learnoriya.blogspot.com.au/p/home.html >.   Great site but unfortunately botanical names are not used.

< http://learnoriya.blogspot.com/2012/04/different-types-of-trees-in-oriya.html >. Trees

< http://learnoriya.blogspot.com/2012/04/types-of-food-grains-in-oriya.html >. Grains

< http://learnoriya.blogspot.com/2012/04/kinds-of-spices-in-oriya.html >. Spices

< http://learnoriya.blogspot.com/2012/04/types-of-fruits-in-oriya.html >. Fruits

< http://learnoriya.blogspot.com/2012/04/types-of-vegetables-in-oriya.html >. Vegetables

< http://learnoriya.blogspot.com/2012/04/types-of-flowers-in-oriya.html >. Flowers

[74] Flora of Mikawa. トウダイグサ属の園芸品種 (Horticultural varieties of the genus Euphorbia).

< https://mikawanoyasou.org/data/hanakirin.htm >. Japanese names.

[75] Hong Kong Herbarium. 

< https://www.herbarium.gov.hk/en/hk-plant-database/plant-detail/index.html?pType=species&oID=5210 >. Cantonese names.

[76] ФЛОРА ИЗРАИЛЯ (Flora of Israel). < http://www.balandin.net/Flora/Flora-tree-E2.htm >. 

Hebrew, Russian names. Great illustrations.

[77] Malagasyword.org  < https://malagasyword.org/bins/teny2/Euphorbia >. 

Malagasy names linked to a comprehensive dictionary.

[78] < https://botany.cz/cs/euphorbia-fragifera/ >. 

Czech names, unfortunately many epithets are missing, species only bear the Czech generic name. 

[79] Glossary A-B – The Bible of Botany.

< https://bibleofbotany.com/index/glossary-introduction/glossary-a-l/ >. Botanical Latin

[80]  Ananet’s List of Plants of Israel 2019.

< https://www.kalanit.org.il/israel-flora-kalanit/ >. Hebrew names.

[81] SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE D'ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIE

PLANTES MÉDICINALES ET PHARMACOPÉES TRADITIONNELLES

< http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/recherche-dans-prelude/?plant_id=2633 >. French 

[82] Flora of Sri Lanka. < https://www.floraofsrilanka.com/species >. Sinhala

[83] Biodiversity of Sri Lanka,

< https://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/p/euphorbiaceae-96.html >. Sinhala

[84] Sinhala to English Dictionary. < https://sinhalafont.net/sinhala-to-english.php >. Sinhala

[85] Jean-Philippe Castillon and  Jean-Bernard Castillon "A propos de quelques noms oubliés dans le genre Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) à Madagascar," Candollea 71(1), 149-158, (1 June 2016). https://doi.org/10.15553/c2016v711a18  Published: 1 June 2016

French

[86] Flora of Israel and adjacent areas. Danin, A. & O. Fragman- Sapir. 2016 - 2025.

< https://flora.org.il/en/plants/systematics/euphorbia/orderby/alpha/ >. Hebrew

[87] Flora von Deutschland. Thomas Meyer.

< http://blumeninschwaben.de/Zweikeimblaettrige/Wolfsmilchgewaechse/cham_kahl.htm >. German

[88]   えんげいせいかつ  Engei Seikatsu, 2021 - 2025.

List of nearly 2,000 rare and unusual Euphorbia species and varieties.

< https://jibun-oyakudachi.com/euphorbia_index/ >. Japanese

[89] KST Kosha Online Sanskrit Dictionary.

< https://kosha.sanskrit.today/word/sa/ >. Sanskrit 

[90] 博視植物網 - Bochi Plant Network.

< https://flora.naturestore.com.tw/product/P2581/ >. Chinese.

[91] Dinesh Valke. Names of Plants in India. < https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/search?q=Euphorbia >. Multilingual

[92] Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants of Sri Lanka. Compendium version 3.

< http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/plants/plants_detail.php?i=529&s=Local_name >. Sinhala, Tamil

[93] Stekjes. < https://si.stekjesbrief.nl/product/euphorbia-lactea-groene-kraag-kopen-en-verzorgen/ >. Sinhala

[94] MAKALELER / Türkçe – Latince Bitki İsimleri. < https://www.arge7.com/detay.php?id=1346 >. Turkish

[95] PlantaeDB - The Comprehensive Database for the Kingdom Plantae.

< https://plantaedb.com/taxa/phylum/angiosperms/order/malpighiales/family/euphorbiaceae/genus/euphorbia>. Multilingual 

[96] Agrovoc. < http://www.topicmaps-space.jp/agrovoc-rdb/instance.jsp?id=concept-2718&language=HI >. Multilingual

[97] Glosbe < https://glosbe.com/en/ar/Euphorbia >. Arabic, multilingual.

[98] CNSHB - Agricultural Electronic Library of Knowledge (AEKBiZ)

< http://www.cnshb.ru/AKDiL/0016/base/k562.shtm >.  Russian, some African languages.

[99] Χανιώτικα Νέα. < https://www.haniotika-nea.gr/efforvia/ >. Greek

[100] Hellenic Flora < https://hellenicflora.com/2019/09/28/2-photos-euphorbia-lathyris-l/ >. Greek

[101] Erik Gotfredsen, Liber Herbarum II:

< https://www.liberherbarum.net//Pn12361.HTM >. Multilingual 

[102] Агбина 20004 - 2025. < https://www.agbina.com >. Russian 

[103] Bible of botany.  < https://bibleofbotany.com/index/glossary-introduction/glossary-a-l/ >. The most complete listing of botanical epithets. Fills up the big gap left by the difficult to access Chuck Griffith ‘s Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Botanical Latin

[104] Latinsko-slovensko-česko-rusko-bieloruský slovník oficiálnych

názvov liečivých rastlín. 7. časť (S – Z)

MÁRIA BAČOVÁ - Katedra rusistiky Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre

< https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/09131053218-227-latinsko-slovensko-cesko-rusko-bielorusky-slovnik-ofic-nazvov-liecivych-rastlin-7cast.pdf >. Multilingual

 [105] HIX.AI / HIX Translate - GPT-3.5.

< https://translate.hix.ai/latin-thai > . Latin to Thai conversions

[106] Thai2English < https://www.thai2english.com >. Most reliable dictionary for the Thai language and the romanisation of words.

[107] GKZ

< https://gkzplant.sakura.ne.jp/kabetukennsaku/kabetusi/kabetukennsakusi.html >. Japanese

[108] Flora of Mikawa.

< https://mikawanoyasou.org/data/inugoma.htm >. Japanese. Thorough treatment of Stachys subsp. and below.

[109]  Fatih GÖGER, Master's Thesis. Health Sciences Institute

Department of Pharmacognosy. 2006. Acik  Bilim yok, Turkish Gov.

< https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/328756/yokAcikBilim_160111.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y >. Turkish names of Salvias.

[110] Bizim Bitkiler. Data source : Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babaç, M.T., (edlr.), (2012). List of Turkish Plants (Vascular Plants). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden and Flora Research Association Publication. Istanbul. < https://www.bizimbitkiler.org.tr/v2/hiyerarsi.php?c=Salvia > Turkish names of Salvias.