Botanical Latin names & synonyms
[1] World Flora Online.
https://www.worldfloraonline.org/
Most valid botanical names and their botanical synonyms.
Fundamental tools
[2] Google Translate
They are still (2024) at a stage when many languages are not covered yet, and their cross translations are not yet ready. Their accurate matching pairs common name / botanical name are too few and far between.
Nevertheless they are and have been an invaluable tool helping us navigating through the many languages, conversions, transcriptions, transliterations, and romanisations systems that they are equiped to handle.
[3] Wikipedia & related Wiki sites
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_by_common_name#:~:te
Their compiling of common names is fairly accurate and their matching with the correct Botanical names is well done.
Burmese
[4] U Pe Than, U Kyaw Tun, & staff of TIL , 2005, Myanmar Medicinal Plants , Tun Institute of Learning (TIL), Incl. U Hla Maw, 1959, A List of Burmese Medicinal Plants1, Pharmaceuticals Section, Applied Chemistry, Research Department, Union of Burma Applied Research Institute.
< https://www.tuninst.net/MMPD/TIL/famM/Mimosaceae.htm >.
Chinese
[5] Flora of China Online
http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2
Chinese names and pinyin without tone marks are given.
[6] David Zelený (澤大衛)
Taiwan checklist (TAIBON), Sorted alphabetically by Latin name.
< https://www.davidzeleny.net/wiki/doku.php/vegsurvey:checklist >.
Taiwanese plant names.
Czech
[7] Herbar
File to view or download as .pdf
https://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~kocna/flowr_my/herbar_web.xls
Czech names. Huge index.
Hindi
[8] Flora of India Online
https://efloraofindia.com/
[9] Tabish Qureshi Flowers of India. Retrieved January 08, 2024.
http://www.m.flowersofindia.net
Names in different languages of India.
[10] Dinesh Valke, 2024. Names of Plants in India.
https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/
Introduction
https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com
Extremely comprehensive and very detailed compilation of names from India. Fresh new years of the reconstruction of previous site.
[11] बागवानीOn / jardineriaon.com
< https://www.jardineriaon.com/hi/herbario-virtual/letra/b >.
Plant index, Hindi sorted.
[12] BIOTIK , 2010 - 2024. Biodiversity Informatics and Co-Operation in Taxonomy for Interactive Shared Knowledge Base. Western Ghats v 1.0. French Institute of Pondicherry
< http://www.biotik.org/species_list_india.html >.
Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, both scripted and romanised versions are given.
[13] Nature Web, State Flowers of India. Accessed Jan. 2024.
< https://www.natureweb.net/taxa/flowers/ >.
Some names in the main 15 languages of India.
Hebrew
[14] Flora Palaestina Ethnobotany • 2024. SPECIES list.
< https://florapal.org/plant-names-from-florapal/ >.
Arabic, romanised Arabic, Hebrew, romanised Hebrew.
[15] Flora of Israel and adjacent areas. Accessed Jan. 2024
by Prof. Avinoam Danin & Dr. Ori Fragman-Sapir.
< https://flora.org.il/en/plants/ACAFAR/ >.
Hebrew, Arabic.
[16] Automatic Hebrew Transliteration
< https://www.alittlehebrew.com/transliterate/ >.
< https://nakdanlive.dicta.org.il >.
Introducing vowel markers to Hebrew words, towards accurate romanisation.
[17] MYLANGUAGES.ORG - 2019. Hebrew to Latin Converter, Cleaner.
< https://mylanguages.org/hebrew_romanization.php >.
Complements above data. Both can be used for Hebrew name without vowel marks.
Japanese
[18] GKZ Plant
https://gkzplant.sakura.ne.jp/
Excellent. Thorough treatment of Japanese names, but not a “user friendly site”. They even make it difficult to quote them as a reference.
Korean
[19] Nature - Korean Biodiversity Information System. 2014. Korea National Arboretum. Accessed 2024.
Good search engine. Korean names without romanisation.
Russian
[20] Sergey Balandin
ФЛОРА ИЗРАИЛЯ - Растения улиц, парков и садов
Травянистые растения (однолетники и многолетники)
(FLORA OF ISRAEL - Plants of streets, parks and gardens
Herbaceous plants (annuals and perennials).
< http://www.balandin.net/Flora/Flora-cult.htm > .
Russian & Hebrew names
[21] Agbina Каталог. 2004 - 2024. Accessed Feb. 2024
Продажа семян и растений, Каталог, Акация. (Seeds & Plants catalogue).
http://www.agbina.com/2372/2373/106520
Russian names of 1000 Acacias
Sinhala
[22] Barberyn Ayurveda Resorts, Sri Lanka
Compendium of Ayurveda Medicinal Plants Version 3.
http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/
Sinhalese names scripted & romanised
Tagalog
[23] Godofredo Umali-Stuart & Angela Stiuart-Santiago, StuartXchange.
PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH CHINESE NAMES. 2019.
http://www.stuartxchange.org/ChineseList.html
Chinese, Tagalog names.
Thai
[24] e-Flora of Thailand.
World Flora Online Data. 2021. Forest Herbarium
https://www.dnp.go.th/botany/eflora/aboutus.html
[25] Sanga Sabhasri Research and Development Department,
The Botanical Garden Organization. Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Thailand. 2011. Academic Segment, Research & Development Center.
http://www.qsbg.org/database/plantdb/mdp/index.asp
Bi-lingual site, excellent, Accessed March 2024.
[26] Thai2English.com
A little weak on botanical nomenclature but the best dictionary of its type. Seems to have difficulties surviving in 2024.
Turkish
[27] SMS Marmara group. Sakarya Botanik San ve Tic. A.Ş. 2013.
< https://katalog.smsmarmaragroup.com/a >.
Turkish names, rich vocabulary.
Vietnamese
[28] Vietnam Plant Data Center, Vietnam Plant Research and Development Consulting Group - BVN.
< https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Licuala%20ternata&list=species&lg=en >.
Vietnamese names
Multilingual
[29] AGROVOC Thesaurus, 2007 - 2024. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Previously quoted as Terminology Database : FAOTERM.
https://agrovoc.fao.org/browse/agrovoc/en/
A little messy but a lot of multilingual vocabulary.
[30] EPPO Global Database, 2023, available online.
Secretariat of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.
< https://gd.eppo.int >.
Example names set.
< https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CZYRE >
Learn Entry - Vocabulary in multi-languages (125+).
COMPLEMENTARY REFERENCES, Tools & Sources of names
(Sorted on languages)
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ARABIC
Xavier Nègre © Lexilogos 2002-2023, Arabic Keyboard online.
< https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/arabic.htm >.
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BURMESE
ushuaia.pl 2024. Projekt Transliteracja / Transkrypcja
< https://www.ushuaia.pl/transliterate/?ln=en >.
Online transliterations.
Burmese Transliteration.
< https://languagetools-153419.appspot.com/my/transliterate/ >.
Transliterated Burmese.
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CHINESE
Xavier Nègre © Lexilogos 2002-2023, Chinese Keyboard online.
< https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/chinese.php >.
Flora of China v 24 p. 358, 舞花姜属 wu hua jiang shu (vũ hoa khương chúc), Globba Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 143, 170. 1771.
千草植物 Qiāncǎo zhíwù. 2022
Thousand grass plants.
< https://www.qiancao.com/plants/calamus-viminalis >.
Chinese names of Calamus
< http://hkcww.org/malaysiaplant/readdb_photo_v2.php?fielddata=Daemonorops&searchsection=A > & < http://hkcww.org/malaysiaplant/readdb_photo_v2.php?fielddata=Calamus&searchsection=A >.
Chinese (Hong Kong) names of Calamus
iPlant.cn Plant Intelligence - China Plant + Species Information System © 2009-2023 All rights reserved National Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Characteristic Economic Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
< http://www.iplant.cn/info/Pinanga >.
Chinese names of Pinanga
Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium.
School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
https://syhuherbarium.sls.cuhk.edu.hk/
Hong Kong Chinese, very detailed descriptions of species.
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CZECH
Herbar
File to view or download as .pdf
< https://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~kocna/flowr_my/herbar_web.xls >.
Czech names. Huge index
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ENGLISH
[31] Atlas of Living Australia (ALA).
ALA is the Australian node and a full voting member of GBIF – the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
English names and Australian dialects.
[32] Australian Plant Name Index - APNI
Australian National Botanic Gardens and Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra. Last updated: 2 February, 2024
Including Cultivar Names & Common Names
iNaturalistil
Australian Plant Name Index - Common Names - 2020
https://israel.inaturalist.org
or
https://israel.inaturalist.org/posts/32535-australian-plant-name-index-common-names-2020
One of the most complete listings with botanical and matching common names.
Rhonda Daniels, 2020. Demystifying native plant names – an introduction. Auatralian Plants Society NSW.
https://resources.austplants.com.au/stories/demystifying-native-plant-names-an-introduction/
Wikipedia & related Wiki sites
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_by_common_name
Their compiling of common names is fairly accurate and their matching with the correct Botanical names is well done.
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FRENCH
Feelings and Flowers. Accessed Feb. 2024.
< https://fr.feelingsandflowers.com/acacia-trees-types-leaves >.
Past pages of advertising, A good site with few French names but some not so well translated
Natacha Mauric et al. 2003 - 2024.
Jardins ! L’Encyclopédie . Société des Gens de Lettre.
French names
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GEORGIAN
David A.Mchedlishvili, 2008.
National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Dictionaries.
http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php :
Georgian vocabulary.
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GERMAN
Hortipedia.com Kategorie Akazie (German index).
https://de.hortipedia.com/Kategorie_Akazie
tri-lingual site(s) English, French, German .
< https://de.hortipedia.com/Kategorie_Akazie >.
German names
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GREEK
Βικιπαίδεια (Greek Wikipedia) Ακακία. Μερικά από τα πιο γνωστά είδη ακακίας και τα ελληνικά τους ονόματα. Accessed Feb. 2024.
https://el.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ακακία
Greek pages
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HEBREW
Flora of Israel and adjacent areas. Accessed Jan. 2024
by Prof. Avinoam Danin and Dr. Ori Fragman-Sapir.
< https://flora.org.il/en/plants/ACAFAR/ >.
Hebrew, Arabic.
Flora Palaestina Ethnobotany • 2024. SPECIES list.
< https://florapal.org/plant-names-from-florapal/ >.
Arabic, romanised Arabic, Hebrew, romanised Hebrew.
Automatic Hebrew Transliteration
< https://www.alittlehebrew.com/transliterate/ >.
< https://nakdanlive.dicta.org.il >.
Introducing vowel markers to Hebrew words, towards accurate romanisation.
MYLANGUAGES.ORG - 2019. Hebrew to Latin Converter, Cleaner.
< https://mylanguages.org/hebrew_romanization.php >.
Wikipedia. List of adventive wild plants in Israel.
< https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_adventive_wild_plants_in_Israel >.
Hebrew names
Sergey Balandin
ФЛОРА ИЗРАИЛЯ - Растения улиц, парков и садов
Травянистые растения (однолетники и многолетники)
(FLORA OF ISRAEL - Plants of streets, parks and gardens
Herbaceous plants (annuals and perennials).
< http://www.balandin.net/Flora/Flora-cult.htm > .
Russian & Hebrew names
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HINDI & other Indian languages
Tabish Qureshi Flowers of India. Retrieved January 08, 2024.
http://www.m.flowersofindia.net
Names in different languages of India.
Dinesh Valke, 2024, Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta in Names of Plants in India.
< https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/2022/02/hellenia-speciosa-jkoenig-srdutta.html >. Extremely comprehensive and very detailed compilation of names from India.
Dinesh Valke, 2024. Names of Plants in India.
https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/
Introduction
https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com
Extremely comprehensive and very detailed compilation of names from India.
Dinesh Valke.
Names of Plants in India.
https://dineshvalke.blogspot.com/search?q=Acacia
Indian names in both scripted and romanised forms enriched with great details about their meaning and their
Origins.
बागवानीOn / jardineriaon.com
< https://www.jardineriaon.com/hi/herbario-virtual/letra/b >.
Plant index, Hindi sorted.
Flora of Peninsular India. Centre for Ecological Sciences (CES), Indian Institute of Science (IISc).
< http://flora-peninsula-indica.ces.iisc.ac.in/species.php?id=C&cat=all >.
Romanized names from various Indian languages.
BIOTIK
< http://www.biotik.org/species_list_india.html >.
(Names from India)
बागवानीOn, Licuala species. Accessed Dec. 2024.
Hindi names of Licuala species
Nature Web, State Flowers of India. Accessed Jan. 2024.
< https://www.natureweb.net/taxa/flowers/ >.
Some names in the main 15 languages of India.
Mohan, Chandra. (2012). 2008-2024 ResearchGate GmbH.
Re: Where can I find botanical names for locally named plants?. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Where-can-I-find-botanical-names-for-locally-named-plants/4f3c8a0280e582382d000000/citation/download.
Pl@ntNet, 2014 - 2024
Pl@ntNet focus on Hindi
https://identify.plantnet.org/hi/weeds/species
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INDONESIAN
Glossary of Taxonomic - Indonesian Plant Names.
< http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v35.pdf >.
Indonesian names.
Hutanpedia, Palm Trees: Classification, Characteristics, Benefits and 20 Types
< https://lindungihutan.com/blog/pohon-palem/ >.
Indonesian names
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JAPANESE
Plant reference encyclopedia
Nichigai Associates / Kinokuniya Shoten / 2004.1
< https://rnavi.ndl.go.jp/mokuji_html/000004350857.html >.
Japanese names.
Zoezoe, 2004 - 2024
Japanese Plant Names searches.
https://www.zoezoe.biz/menu_aiueo.html
アカシア（ミモザ）の珍しい種類、主な種とおすすめの園芸品種の紹介【2023】アカシアの種類 / 2021年4月8日 by BEGINNERS GARDEN (Acacias, Mimosas). https://beginners.garden
Acacias : https://beginners.garden/2021/04/08/アカシア
レアプランツジャパン (Rare Plants Japan) 1998 - 2024
NHK趣味の園芸３月号掲載
http://rareplants.m2.valueserver.jp/konngetu0003Acacia-all1.htm
Japanese names
Metabolomics .
Japanese names
Usenet newsgroup sci.lang.japan.
1994-2022 Ben Bullock
English to katakana converter.
https://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/e2k.cgi
& Questions and Answers
https://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/afaq.html
Plenty of enlightening points about the Japanese language.
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KOREAN
Learn Entry.
Plant names in Korean and English
https://www.learnentry.com/english-korean/vocabulary/plants-in-korean/
Not so much on plant names but much vocabulary applying to plants.
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LAO
biotik.org, 2024, Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume - LAURACEAE.
< http://www.biotik.org/laos/species/c/cinin/cinin_lo.html >.
ແກ້ວອຸດອນ ສຸວັນນະກູມມານ ແລະ ວີຈິດ ລຳໄຊ. (2020-).ພືດຕະກຸນຂີງ, ຂ່າ, ໝາກແໜ່ງໃນ ສປປ ລາວ. (Phak Khao Lao - Zingiberaceae of Laos : Ginger, Galanga, Cardamom).
Retrieved from < https://www.phakhaolao.la/en/kb/zingiberaceae-laos-ginger-galanga-cardamom >. (December 2023).
English , Lao.
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BOTANICAL LATIN
Charles Griffith, 2019.
Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
Much useful reference when navigating through the botanical Latin.
Global Names Verifier, v . 1.1.8. Part of the WFO Plant List.
< http://gni.globalnames.org/ >.
Wikipedia & related Wiki sites
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_by_common_name
Their compiling of common names is fairly accurate and their matching with the correct Botanical names is well done.
The Horticulturists. How to understand Botanic plant names! A Latin master class with Stephen Ryan. English Video.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=n6pM1iB3bg8
A practical down to earth demonstration of the trickeries of botanical names.
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MALAGASY
J. M. de La Beaujardière et al. 2001-2022 Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia. <https://malagasyword.org/bins/homePage >. *****
RAKOOTH Bakolimalala & Roger Edmond, Autorité Scientifique Flore CITES 2011.
Guide pour l'identification des graines de palmiers malgaches commercialisées.
< https://cites.org/sites/default/files/common/com/pc/20/inf_docs/F20-11i-A6.pdf >.
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MALAY
JOKO RIDHO WITONO, 2005,
Keanekaragaman Palem (Palmae) di Gunung Lumut,
Kalimantan Tengah.
Diversity of palms (Palmae) in Gunung Lumut, Central Kalimantan
< https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/627/649 >.
Malay names.
Muhammad Shahzad Aslam & Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad
Table 3 : Globba species with their common names, part use and their traditional uses. Part of Ethno botanical Uses of Globba Species: A brief Review. May 2017
Rattan Glossary: And Compendium Glossary with Emphasis on Africa
Dennis Victor Johnson, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — 2004 · Technology & Engineering.
Comprehensive listings of Malaysian, Indonesian, African names, and a few more. Excellent
Diversity of palms (Palmae) in Gunung Lumut, Central Kalimantan.
Malay names.
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MANIPURI
Gurumayum Jitendra Sharma, Pukhrambam Chirangini, & Kishor Rajkumar
Gingers of Manipur: Diversity and potentials as bioresources. June 2011. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution.
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MULTILINGUAL
AGROVOC Thesaurus, 2007 - 2024. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Previously quoted as Terminology Database : FAOTERM.
https://agrovoc.fao.org/browse/agrovoc/en/
Simon Ager, 1998-2024 .
Omniglot Hosted by Kualo
All things multilingual under one roof.
FAO, 2008 - 2024 AGROVOC Thesaurus.
https://aims.fao.org/ag_intro.htm
A little messy but a lot of multilingual vocabulary.
Learn Entry, Camphor meaning in different languages.
< https://www.learnentry.com/dictionary/camphor-in-different-languages/ >.
Thingnam Girija et al. 2008, Flowers of India. < http://www.flowersofindia.net/botanical.html >.
India Biodiversity Portal, Biodiversity Informatics Platform v. 4.2.1.
< https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/281946 > .
Indifferentlanguages, Camphor in different languages.
< https://indifferentlanguages.in/word/english/4dd2e82/camphor > .
Similar to L.E. but with better romanisation (with diacritics / diacritical marks).
EPPO Global Database, 2023, available online.
Secretariat of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.
< https://gd.eppo.int >.
Example names set.
< https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CZYRE >.
Nature Web, State Flowers of India. Accessed Jan. 2024.
< https://www.natureweb.net/taxa/flowers/ >.
Some names in the main 15 languages of India.
Tureng Dictionary and Translation Ltd.
< https://tureng.com/tr/turkce-ingilizce/acacia%20cambegei >.
LOGOS Dictionary, 1995 - 2004, Italy.
< http://www.logos.net/ > or < http://www.logosdictionary.com/pls/dictionary/new_dictionary.index_p > or < http://www.logos.it/dictionary/index_en.html >. (60 + languages).
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry
Plant threats to Pacific ecosystems, a product of the Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project (PIER). All species profiled on PIER by common name.
http://www.hear.org/pier/commonnames/
Limited work due to funding shortages. The curse of many.
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PERSIAN
MYLANGUAGES.ORG, 2019, Farsi to Latin Converter.
< https://mylanguages.org/farsi_romanization.php >.
MYLANGUAGES.ORG - 2019. Persian to Latin Converter, Cleaner
< https://mylanguages.org/persian_romanization.php >.
Persian transliteration.
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RUSSIAN
Wikipedia, Amomum. Russian names & synonyms.
< https://ru.frwiki.wiki/wiki/Cardamome_(%C3%A9pice) >.
Russian synonyms.
Russian Wikipedia, 2024. Acacias.
Список видов, входящих в род Акация
ref. «Деревья и кустарники СССР», сайту Agbina, сайта EOL.
Some Russian names.
Agbina Каталог. 2004 - 2024. Accessed Feb. 2024
Продажа семян и растений, Каталог, Акация. (Seeds & Plants catalogue).
http://www.agbina.com/2372/2373/106520
Russian names - 1000 Acacias
Malamant live journal (Community publishing platform), 1999 - 2024
< https://malamant.livejournal.com/820454.html >.
Hebrew & Russian names of Acacias.
Sergey Balandin
ФЛОРА ИЗРАИЛЯ - Растения улиц, парков и садов
Травянистые растения (однолетники и многолетники)
(FLORA OF ISRAEL - Plants of streets, parks and gardens
Herbaceous plants (annuals and perennials).
< http://www.balandin.net/Flora/Flora-cult.htm > .
Russian & Hebrew names
Galina Malamant, 2017. Israel cultivated plants - Acacias. A Wordpress blog.
< https://galina-malamant.com/2017/10/17/plants-a/ >.
Hebrew and Russian names.
Википедия
Список латинских и греческих слов, обычно используемых в систематических именах - List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.
Unfortunately too few Russian examples.
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SANSKRIT
Sanskrit Dictionary
< https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=khadira >.
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SINHALA
Flora of Sri Lanka
< https://www.floraofsrilanka.com/species?page=9 >.
Romanised Sinhalese names
Biodiversity of Sri Lanka
< https://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/2015/ >.
Sinhalese names
Barberyn Ayurveda Resorts, Sri Lanka
Compendium of Ayurveda Medicinal Plants Version 3.
http://www.instituteofayurveda.org/
Sinhalese names
Medicinal Plants of Sri Lanka, 2024. අපේ ඔසුපැළ
< https://www.osuturu.lk/2015/11/mimosa-pudica.html >.
Like most blogs of this type, hard to navigate, but some of us have no other choice.
dh-web
< https://dh-web.org/place.names/sinhala2bot.html >.
Comprehensive but romanised Sinhala only.
Sri Ranjani Sivapalan and Vinotha Sanmugarajah. Dictionary of Medicinal Plants. 2019. Book Publisher International. Online version 2020.
Latin, English, romanised Sinhala, Sanskrit & Tamil.
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TAGALOG
Elmer D. Merrill, 1925,
An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Government of the Philippine Islands. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources . Bureau of Science. Manila. Publication number 18, Volume 1.
Page 146 to 158.
< http://file.iflora.cn/fastdfs/group1/M00/64/93/wKhnoF2VZ2SADOnxAePzqA8ZMow910.pdf >.
Tagalog names.
Godofredo Umali-Stuart & Angela Stiuart-Santiago, StuartXchange.
PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH CHINESE NAMES. 2019.
http://www.stuartxchange.org/ChineseList.html
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THAI
Xavier Nègre © Lexilogos 2002-2023, Thai Keyboard online.
< https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/thai.htm >.
Palms of Thailand
< https://thaipalm.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/912 > .
Thai names & name locations.
J. Dransfield & al. A preliminary checklist to Thai Palms. 2004.
(Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Anders Sanchez Barfod (Aarhus University), Ratchada Pongsattayapipat (Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden).
< https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256388501_A_preliminary_checklist_to_Thai_Palms >.
Thai names
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
< https://www.itto.int/files/itto_project_db_input/2156/Technical/PD-24-00-R1-I-Rattan-in-Thailand.pdf>.
Thai names translations, transcriptions and romanisations.
Napat KITTIPANANGKUL & Chatchai Ngamriabsakul Kanlayanapaphon
Zingiberaceae Diversity in Khao Nan and Khao Luang National Parks, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.:
January 2011 Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 5(1)
DOI:10.2004/wjst.v5i1.107 - LicenseCC BY-NC-ND 4.0
PSU Knowledge Bank. Thai names of plants in the Zingiberacea family. Accessed 2024.
< https://kb.psu.ac.th/psukb/bitstream/2553/4612/7/ch1.pdf >.
Forest Management Systems. Tree list (extensive).
(Thai names).
Wikipedia ,Thai palms
https://www.dnp.go.th/botany/eflora/aboutus.html
World Flora Online Data. 2021. Forest Herbarium
Christian Rishøj
Thai-English Dictionary
< http://www.thai-language.com/default.aspx >.
Sanga Sabhasri Research and Development Department,
The Botanical Garden Organization. Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment, Thailand. 2011. Academic Segment, Research & Development Center.
http://www.qsbg.org/database/botanic_book%20full%20option/Search_show.asp?lang=thai&key=%E0%B8%81
Bi-lingual site (Thai / English), excellent, Accessed March 2024. (Unfortunately a little too often off line).
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TURKISH
SMS Marmara group.
< https://katalog.smsmarmaragroup.com/a >.
Turkish names, rich vocabulary.
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VIETNAMESE
Xavier Nègre © Lexilogos 2002-2023, Vietnamese Keyboard online.
< https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/vietnamese.htm >.
SỞ NGHIỆP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN NÔNG THÔN
CHI CỤC KIỂM LÂM AN GIANG.
(Department of Industry and Rural Development
An Giang Forest Protection Department).
< www.kiemlamangiang.gov.vn >.
650 plant names translated into Vietnamese.
< https://www.tuetinhlienhoa.com.vn/web/news/Cay-thuoc-Vi-thuoc/CAC-CAY-THUOC-VA-VI-THUOC-CHUA-BENH-PHU-NU-621.html >. Security issues
Phạm Hoàng Hộ, 1999. Cây cỏ Việt Nam. Quyển III, trang 448-451, Nhà xuất bản Trẻ.
(Vietnamese plants. Volume III, pages 448-451, Tre Publishing House).
C. M. Peters et al., Systematics, Ecology & Management of rattans in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
Agricultural Publishing House, 2014.
< https://wwfasia.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/guide_book_systematic__ecology_and_management_of_rattans_in_cambodia__laos_and_vietnam.pdf>. Also copy here :
< http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/a4_1___a4_6_rattan_book__vietnamese_ver_.pdf >.
Vietnamese names , Lao & Khmer romanised names. (Excellent field guide).
Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam. 2010.
TRE TRÚC VÀ SONG MÂY Ở NAM TÂY NGUYÊN
Vietnam Academy of Forest Sciences.
BAMBOO AND RATATE IN THE SOUTH TAY HIGHLANDS
VIetnamese names
Vietnam Plant Data Center, Vietnam Plant Research and Development Consulting Group - BVN.
< https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Licuala%20ternata&list=species&lg=en >.
Vietnamese names
Plants of Cat Tien national park.
< http://www.namcattien.org/Cat%20Tien%20Flora%20List_orig_ed.pdf >.
Vietnamese names
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Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.
………….
CHINESE : 阔荚合欢 Kuò jiá héhuān, 大叶合欢 Dàyè héhuān, 大叶合欢 Da ye he huan, héhuān , 大葉合歡 daai6 hip6 hap6 fun1 (Hong Kong), 大葉合歡 Dàyè héhuān (Taiwan).
……..
THAI : จ๊าขาม jáa-kăam (cha kham, ćā k̄hām), ตุ๊ด dtút (tut)…..
大[daaih]葉[yihp]合[hahp]歡[fūn] = 大[daai6]葉[yip6]合[hap6]歡[fun1] = 大[daai6]葉[jip9]合[hap9]歡[fun1] = 大[dai6]葉[yib6]合[heb6]歡[fun1] = 大[daai6]葉[yip6]合[hap6]歡[fun1]
Ref. Hong Kong Vision Chinese character → Cantonese Pinyin Converter.
Ref. https://hongkongvision.com/tool/cc_py_conv_en
Added to those, 3 or 4 Chinese romanisation forms would need to be referenced separately. Obviously one would quickly get bogged down in almost endless precisions. That was only for Chinese names.
Another difficult language but by no means the only one is Thai. In this work we have listed 3 types of transcriptions in various places, depending on what we find or what is suggested to us.
Why bother with all these transcriptions one may asks, to increase the chances of search engines of finding the words. We have experienced that a letter misplaced, an accent present or absent or misplaced can prevent a non-intelligent engine from working successfully. Example :
จ๊าขาม jáa-kăam (cha kham, ćā k̄hām), ตุ๊ด dtút (tut)
Our preferred option is the first listed behind the scripted name, but often the second is found in the literature. The third is valid but rarely used. So this amount to 4 added references called for.
The number of [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] would be far too cumbersome and would add too much weight to already heavily compacted listings.
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